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Q1. What is a virus?

Q2. During its cycle in a cell the virus undergoes many changes in its genetic material. Currently a mixture of drugs which target different stages of the viral cycle are used. Why has this treatment been more successful than treatment with only one drug?

Q3. How does a virus particle reproduce? Include reference to the host cell in your answer

Q4. Suggest how antiviral drugs may work

Q5. Explain how cells of the immune system determine self from non-self-antigens

Q6. Which cells of the immune system, are initially responsible for recognising non-self-cells introduced by an organ transplant?

Q7. Briefly explain the role that phagocytes have in the immune response to infection

Q8. Explain how a macrophage is able to remove and destroy a gluten fragment

Q9. Outline the general features of inflammation that minimise the impact of an infection

Q10. Briefly explain the role that complement proteins have in the immune response to infection

Q11. Describe the role of interferons

Q12. What is the function of lymph nodes?

Q13. Explain why it is important for T cells to have both self and non-self-receptors

Q14. Describe the process of tissue rejection after recognition of the non-self-cells has occurred

Q15. Describe the immune response in a person receiving their first vaccination

Q16. Explain the consequence of the decrease in weight of the thymus

Q17. In relation to the immune system, name on type of cell that could be destroyed by apoptosis and explain the benefit

Q18. Describe how antibodies and macrophages inhibit the spread of bacterial infections

Q19. Explain the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Q20. How do plasma and memory cells differ?

Q21. Why is phagocytosis a non-specific response?

Q22. How would significant structural changes in viral neuraminidase lead to an influence pandemic

Q23. Viruses trigger a specific immune response. What is the advantage of having interferons as well?

Q24. What causes galls to be produced and what role do they play?

Q25. Explain why the immune system of the body can have difficulty destroying cancer cells

Q26. Suggest why it may be a disadvantage to an individual to have higher doses of antibiotics